European Nations And The Colonization Of Africa - 1492 Words

As we know so far, Africa has a long history of being faced with Conquest, Colonization, and Military Invasions from Europe since the early 1970’s and up to the 1900’s. Many were standing against the idea of being captured or colonized by these Europeans leaders and countries. The only two countries that have not been touched or colonized by Europe is Ethiopia and Liberia, unfortunately (Fortunately). Most of the Africa’s countries has been touched by European conquerors. There are three main factors why European nations have decided to go into Africa. The first is the political factor, the second one is the economic factor, and of course the social factor. After the days when there were slave trades and all those horrific events, today European countries are looking forward for raw materials for profitable markets. There were seven main countries that were fighting among each other for the conquest of Africa. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain. The social factor was one of the top three reasons of colonization because when the industrialization came to Europe, people were not ready. This led to a high unemployment level, homelessness. The solution that came into mind was to create new colonies and export the population to these new areas. This is a reason that led to the colonization of Africa. This was one prospective of the European Colonization on Africa, but there is also a second side to it, that shows that the colonizatio n process of theShow MoreRelatedImperialism Dbq Ap European History846 Words   |  4 Pages1880 to 1914, European powers went after overseas empires in Africa. The governments and political leaders of the European powers believed that this colonization of the African empires was necessary to maintain their global influence. A second group of people supposed that African colonization was the result of the greedy Capitalists who \only cared for new resources and markets. The third group of people claimed it to be their job to enlighten and educate the uncivilized people of Africa. Although theRead MoreThe European Nations Used The Term `` Civilizing Mission `` By Joseph Conrad1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe European nations used the term â€Å"civilizing mission† to convince people to support the exploration of the unknown parts of the African continent. Europeans believed that Africans were uncivilized, lacked Enlightenment, and needed European progress. In the eyes of the pe ople, this colonization was supposed to moralize the indigenous people into their idea of civilization, but this was not the case. In the late nineteenth century, Europe’s â€Å"civilizing mission† was never civilized because the focusRead MoreEffects Of Colonialism On Native Peoples1072 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Colonialism on Native Peoples Colonialism has had major effects on different countries throughout the years. Europeans were a major cause of these horrid events. Colonization will cause a country to lose the culture they have developed and will strip the natives of their souls. As you read through this paper, you will discover the true horror of what colonialism is and how it strips the souls of the people in it. Stripping the Souls of the Natives It is known that invading a countryRead MoreEssay on The Scramble for Africa1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scramble for Africa is one of the best examples of colonization in world history. Europe alone managed to colonize the entire African continent in a period of roughly twenty five years, spanning from 1875 to 1900. The quest for power by European nations was only one of the driving forces for this race for colonization. The geographical location and the natural resources to be exploited in certain regions of the continent were important factors in the race for land. Another factor that contributedRead MoreThe Impact Of Slavery On Africa Socially, Economically, And Politically For Over 300 Years.969 Words   |  4 Pages2. Slavery impacted Africa socially, economically, and politically for over 300 years. Slavery had a major social impact on Africa, due to the fact that the vast numbers involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade led to a color association. Africa already had an existing slave trade system in place. Women were incredibly degraded and devalued for the reason that numerous of were captured and sold into slavery. Polygamy became the norm because many African societies lacked African males because theyRead MoreEuropean Colonialism: Civilizations Ruined1491 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Colonialism has been around since the late 15th century and their model for colonialism will exist for many years to come. Colonization could be considered to start as far back as the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. However, this colonization model was not near as deadly as the European model (Louis). The ancient civilizations educated, advanced, and motivated their colonies to succeed. The European model falls far short of the standard set in past years. This model forRead MoreColonialism in Africa911 Words   |  4 PagesLadonya Gatling World Civilizations II Mr. Mitchell 10:00-10:50 (MWF) Colonialism in Africa Neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of accumulation nor acquisition†¦ Out of imperialism, notions about culture were classified, reinforced, criticized or rejected† (BBC World Service). The nineteenth century saw massive changes in Africa. Some were driven by famine and disease (BBC World Service). Some changes were the result of the territorial ambitions of African rulers. As the centuryRead More Why are Military Takeovers so Frequent in Postcolonial African Politics?1038 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical unrest. Much of that political unrest is blamed on the extended period of European colonization that the continent was forced to endure. Because of ethnic differences, natural resources, and ineffective governments, Africa has been subject to many military takeovers in the postcolonial period. Military takeovers are not unique to Africa. Like of many similar countries, the developing countries in Africa are naturally more susceptible to coup d’à ©tats than their developed counterparts. TheRead MoreThe Age of Imperialism Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped nations colonized less developed nations. The developed nations took advantage of the less developed nations resources, people, lands, and much more. Many countries lost their freedom and independence due to imperialism, however, they also received new technologies and innovations. Since there were many nations involved, there were many attributes that led up to imperialism. Firstly, the Europeans wanted economic expansion. Since the industrial revolution had taken place, the Europeans wereRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Africa1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe European colonization of Africa, also known as the Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa, or Conquest of Africa, occurred between the 1870s and 1900s, and was the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during a period of New Imperialism. European control of the continent increased from 10 percent (1870) to 90 percent (1914), with only three territories, Saguia el-Hamra, which was later integrated into Spanish Sahara, Ethiopia and Liberia

Aging in the elderly Free Essays

There is what people call as the art of getting old. This has probably an element of truth because getting old makes many people seriously inferior, insecure and irritable. To grow old takes wisdom; meaning the aging physical aspects are there but to be gracious about it may help us view our mortality, accept all with humility that limitations are inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging in the elderly or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many who were once strong and athletic, the reality of losing one’s vigor would seem unacceptable. It’s hard to swallow the negative realism of aging. The simple chores that once were indeed â€Å"simple† have now become impossible tasks to some individuals who were once upon a time, mighty competitors in some events in sports. Running may not be advisable anymore. Walking, the most common movement to a normal functioning individual is difficult when arthritis has already crept into his joints (Smith et al, 1997 in http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004023.htm). Physical changes are natural occurrences of wear and tear and are included in the order of things since time immemorial (Smith, Suzanna et al in Rantanen et al, 1997). This is one of nature’s physical laws that no matter how many technological breakthroughs have been discovered and come to the forefront of human existence, up till now, the best of these man-made intelligent inventions are not able to arrest these signs of deterioration. A senior citizen has to deal with problems such as high blood pressure, the cumulative effects of fatty deposits or cholesterol build up, some parts of the body that almost do not work anymore, and those parts that work may incur pain and a degree of discomfort (Seek wellness, 2000). Physical activity as mentioned, have some benefits to slow down degenerative disorders but are not designed to reverse the course of aging. What is more tragic at times is, whenever people realize that the symptoms of aging are already there, it’s too late for them. They are now coping with regrets for earlier times and opportunities that had passed; these were opportunities supposed to avert and prevent the speedy physical breakdown and enjoy more quality of life in their later years. Aging people have diminished enjoyments in their twilight years because they are subjected to abuse, mistreatment and exploitations simply because they are appraised as frail and inept by the majority. The increasing isolation they are experiencing even from their own children who, oftentimes, relegate them to homes or institutions do not help diminish the perception of their capabilities (Seek wellness, 2000). Regular exercise does help. Because of the many physical changes that occur in aging, a lot of adjustments as well are in order so that the body is better able to cope with these changes. Two major parts of a person’s physique are affected in the aging process; namely, the muscles and bones. Joints and bones’ structure become rigid with age. This causes a decrease in height, a bent posture, and hence, pronounced limitations in movements. The prospect of these changes, however, need not hinder nor discourage a person to establish or maintain a regular regimen. Though it may now hurt to move and stretch one’s joints, to yield to inactivity will all the more result to deterioration and more agony (Smith, in http://nihseniorhealth.gov/exercise/benefitsofexercise/03.html, 2007). Because the tendency of less and less movement goes with aging, and because calcium (a necessary mineral for the bone) is not absorbed into the bones generously as when younger, the resulting consequence is the brittling of the bones, a common cause of skeletal or bone fracture among the elderly. When ligaments connecting bones lose flexibility, it causes pain and discomfort. Older people as compared to younger ones need more cushioned shoes as the fat between the bones of the foot is becoming thinner (______Aging: physical changes). For many of the older or aging individuals the issue about mental health is not affecting them to a significant degree. Problems that commonly beset younger generations such as alcoholism, depression and other illnesses may not necessarily afflict them and in many cases may even be reversed, for instance, dementia, as long as timely treatment is afforded to the patient. Only Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and multi-infarct dementia are cases where the patient’s condition is no longer reversible (Papalia et al, 2002). Conclusion Researchers have provided us with much information on how to help and what kind of services are most likely will yield more positive results where the aging issues are concerned. Gleaning from those available informations, here are some helpful suggestions: Outreach Education (Redwood, 2003). This approach is effective. Most of the elderly are just waiting to be helped. Some of them just do not know how to avail with the resources that the government has made available for them. The least that we can do is to assist them with the help of some social workers or personal outreach just to engage them in the options that are available to them such self-maintenance, exercise regimen, diet, healthy outlook towards their aging years, and treatment or case management services (Baker et al,2000). A regular show of care to establish personal relationship in order to encourage them such as what was suggested by Ms. Banks on reading to the elderly (Griffith, 2000) or to receive preventive and treatment and or intervention options (Telford and Rogers, 2003) as well as catering with their various needs are aspects of educating the elderly. Reference: Baker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Sudano, J. and Patterson, M. 2000. The association between age and health literacy among elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B : Psychological sciences and social sciences 55B (6), S368. Retrieved on August 3, 2007, from Proquest. Griffith, R. W. 2000. Reading to the elderly. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=755. Redwood, Heinz. 2003. Patients Health and Education: How Strong Is the Link? Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=2189. Seek Wellness, 2000. Fitness facts for older Americans. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.seekwellness.com/fitness/fitness_facts.htm. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. (1997-2005). Aging gracefully–physical activity. Retrieved July 24, 2008. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Fall Hazard Checklist (1987). Clinical Report on Aging,   Ã‚  Ã‚   1, 5. from Physical Changes of Aging National Institute on Aging   Ã‚  Ã‚   (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Rantanen, T., Era, P. Heikkinen, E. (1997). Physical   activity and the changes in maximal isometric strength in men and women from the age of 75 to 80 years. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 1534-1535. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in National Institute on Aging (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm ______Aging: physical changes. University of Iowa, Hospital and Clinics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accessed in http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/aging/agin4120.html July 24, 2008 Telford, R. and Rogers, A. (2003). What influences elderly peoples decisions about whether to accept the influenza vaccination? A qualitative study. Health Education Research 18 (6), 743. Accessed on July 24, 2008, from Proquest. _____Aging : Outlline, Accessed July 24, 2008 in http://www.baptistonline.org/health/library/agin4120.asp How to cite Aging in the elderly, Papers

Unfair Contract Terms in Malaysia-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: With reference to the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 and case laws, critically discuss the law on capacity to enter into contracts and give your brief opinion on the fairness of such laws in Malaysia. Answer: Introduction Contract law is the branch of law that deals with the legalities concerned with the enforcement and execution of contracts. A contract is an agreement signed between two parties that is enforceable by competent court of law. All contracts are agreements but not every agreement is a contract (Andrews 2015). The literal meaning of the capacity to contract implies the competency to enter into contract as established by the legal provisions concerned. As imbibed from Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950, a person is competent to enter into a contract on the basis of having a sound mind and should have attained the age of majority during the time the contract in question is being enforced or executed. The Age of Majority Act of 1971 states that a person in Malaysia below the age of eighteen years is a minor. Section 12 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 prescribes that a person not having a fitness of mind cannot make a contract. Minors into contract Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 envisages that a person who is a minor cannot enter into a contract that is enforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction. With reference to the provisions envisaged in Section 2 of the Age of Majority Act of 1971, any person below the age of eighteen years is considered a minor. Sub-section 2 of Section 3 of the Age of Majority Act of 1971 further states that the date of attainment of majority is determined as per the eighteenth birth anniversary of the respective person (Furmston and Philip 2017). In order to lend money to a minor, the welfare of the minor is to be determined (Graw 2012). Such kind of welfare may include creating a trust with an objective to entitle the minor, hereditary rights for the minor with reference to property ownership and possession as per the law. Additionally, making an investment plan in the name of the minor for future benefits and fulfilling any kind of necessity of minor through monetary funding s uch as education is also a kind of a welfare for a minor(Mousavi et al. 2013). The provisions relating to the welfare of minor are envisaged in Section 69 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 that state that another person with reference to the enforcement of the contract represents a person who is incompetent to enter into a contract. However, such terms and conditions in the contract should be intended to fulfill the necessities of the incompetent person concerned (Kuak,Ying and Tay 2012). In the case of Mohori Bibee versus Dharmodas Ghose, the Privy Council held that a minor could not be compelled to return money that is lent as a loan and the mortgage was not valid since a minor is not in the capacity to enter into a contract. In the case Government of Malaysia versus Gurcharan Singh and Others, it was held that any contract where a minor enters upon is a void contract. If a minor misrepresents age while making a contract, such contract is not valid since a minor is not a comp etent person as far as making a contract is concerned with reference to Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950. In Malaysia, the age of marriage is twenty-one years. However, people at the age of eighteen years are eligible for marriage subject to parental consent. Muslim girls in Malaysia can marry at the age of sixteen years on obtaining approval from the concerned sharia authority (Zainudin et al. 2013). Majors into contract In addition to being major by attaining the age of eighteen years with reference to the provisions envisaged in Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 and Section 2 of the Age of Majority Act of 1971, soundness of mind is also essential in order to be competent to enter into contract (Poole 2016). Such provision for soundness of mind is envisaged in Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950. Section 12 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that a person of unfit mind is not competent to enter into contract due to the possible misjudgments to be made with reference to the rationale behind the said contract (Turner 2013). The essentials of a valid contract include offer and acceptance, consent which is obtained freely, consideration and a purpose to create relations that are legally binding to the parties to the contract. Clause (a) of Section 2 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that obtaining an approval of a person (known as promisee) by anoth er person (known as promisor) for willingness to perform the act in question is known as offer. Clause (b) of Section 2 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that sanction of the offer by the promisee is known as acceptance. Clause (b) of Section 2 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that a consideration in a contract is something that is done by a promisee at the discretion of the promisor for a specific purpose. Section 13 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that if two or more people being signatories to a contract conclude over the same thing, they are deemed to be consenting with reference to the terms and conditions enshrined in the said contract. Section 13 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that a consent that is not approved by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake is said to be a free consent. Objective to create legal relations between the parties would be deemed as fit when presumed so by a court of comp etent jurisdiction established by law. In the case of Carlill versus Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, the Court of Appeal at England and Wales held that an advertisement in a newspaper with reference to compensation is a unilateral proposal that could be accepted by any relational human being who is a regular reader of the said newspaper. Limited corporations into contracts A pre-incorporation contract is a type of contract that is made by a corporation or a representative of the corporation before the incorporation of such a corporation. In Malaysia, a pre-incorporation contract is not valid as per law (Amin 2013). However, such kind of contract can per ratified as per Sub-Section 1 of Section 35 of the Companies Act of 1965. In order to for a pre-incorporation contract with reference to the formation of a company, there should be a promoter who would take all the necessary actions that are required for the formation such a company or a corporation (Jayabalan 2017). In the case of Twycross versus Grant and Others, the Court of Appeal at England and Wales held that a promoter is a person who makes decisions with reference to formation of companies and corporations as per the allotted project with an objective to fulfill it. In the case of Tengku Abdullah ibni Sultan Abu Bakr versus Mohammed Latiff bin Shah Mohammed, it was held that a promoter is a person who embarks upon a project for the benefit of others and not solely for self-benefit. In the case of Erlanger versus New Sombero Phosphate Company, it was held by the House of Lords that a promoter of a company or a corporation must act in good faith with reference to the formation and functioning of the corporation or company concerned. This implies that a promoter is in a fiduciary relationship with the corporation or company in question. In the case of Bristol and West building Society versus Mothew, the Court of Appeal at England and Wales held that a fiduciary relationship is build with ref erence to trust and confidence (McKendrick 2014). Sub-section 1 of Section 4 of the Companies Act of a 1965 implies that a limited corporation is a company that is restricted by shares or guarantees or both. Since a pre-incorporation contract is not valid as per the law of Malaysia, a limited corporation can only make a contract when it is incorporated as per the provisions relating to the incorporation of a company as enshrined in Sections 14 to 18 of the Companies Act of 1965. Sub-Section 1 of Section 35 of the Companies Act of 1965 implies that a corporation or a person as a representative of a corporation making a contract before the formation of the company, such a contract may be ratified by the company upon the formation of the company (Yousoff et al. 2012). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discourse, it can be concluded by stating that the legalities involved with reference to capacity to contract in case of minors, majors and limited corporations in Malayasia. The above discourse also deduces the provisions relating to capacity to enter into contract by a minor, major and a limited corporation. Such kinds of provisions are envisaged in legislations such as The Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950, the Age of Majority Act of 1971 and the Companies Act of 1965. Additionally, case laws with reference to the competency of a person to enter into a contract in case of minors, majors and limited corporations have also been analyzed. Furthermore, the above discourse implies that a minor or a person of an unfit mind cannot enter into a contract that is enforceable by law failing which such a contract shall be deemed void. References Amin, Naemah. "Protecting consumers against unfair contract terms in Malaysia: the Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act 2010."Malayan Law Journal1 (2013): 1-11. Andrews, Neil.Contract law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Furmston, Michael Philip.Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston's Law of Contract. Oxford university press, 2017. Graw, Stephen.An introduction to the law of contract. Thomson Reuters, 2012. Jayabalan, Sheela. "The Role of The Modern Contract Law in The Purview of Consumer Protection."Jurnal Intelek12, no. 1 (2017). Kuek, Chee Ying, and Eng Siang Tay. "Unilateral conversion of a child's religion and parental rights in Malaysia." (2012). McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. Mousavi, Shohreh, Behnam Rastegari, and Rohaid Nordin. "Improving the Legal Protection of Child in Conflict with the Law: Reintegration and Rehabilitation into society." (2013). Poole, Jill.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Turner, Chris.Contract law. Routledge, 2013. Yusoff, Sakina Shaik Ahmad, Suzanna Mohamed Isa, Azimon Abdul Aziz, and Ong Tze Chin. "Corporate responsibility via Malaysian contract law, a concern for consumer protection."Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities20, no. 1 (2012): 227-38. Zainudin, Tengku Noor Azira Tengku, Anita Abdul Rahim, and Mohamad Afiq Taqiudin Roslan. "Legal Status of a Minor in Giving Consent to Treatment from the Perspective of the Malaysian Child Act 2001."Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies2, no. 9 (2013): 278.