Ideology And Hegemony In James Bond

Ideology And Hegemony In James Bond The aim of this essay is to investigate the issues of ideology and hegemony in the James Bond franchise, with particular emphasis on the latest Bond film, Quantum of Solace. Over the forty-four years the Bond films have been running the depictions of men and women in these films has developed and changed. Negative stereotypes were used in the first few Bond films to portray women, such as requiring a male rescue and being a sex object for a male audience. This was the ideology of the era, that women were less dominant than men. With movements such as Feminism these representations have been allowed to evolve into a more realistic depiction of women in the latest Bond films, especially Quantum of Solace. The portrayal of men is much more consistent throughout the Bond films, except a few changes that are made to Bonds character in Quantum of Solace. Ideology and hegemony exist in all the Bond films as they affect the way gender is represented. Ideologies form associations between types of power and the media. They are ideas that give an explanation of the social world. The ideas are usually seen as normal and expected but are frequently only biased and one sided (Branston and Stafford 2006,p.174). However, contrasting ideological views that contain different ideas can sometimes instigate battles within media texts (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.165). In comparison, hegemony is a theory that is related to ideology and power. It shows how societies deal with power (Casey et al. 2008,p.142). An Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci believed that ruling groups in societies can use either strength and force or consent to keep their power (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.169). This was allowed due to their importance in society. Gramsci also believed that certain democracies across the world would find themselves fighting for control. In some cases they would rely on force whilst in others they try the subtle approach of persuasion to gain hegemony (Branston and Stafford 2006,p.177). Hegemony suggests that certain ideas become common sense or natural to people (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,pp.169-170),particularly those of the ruling class and so called the dominant ideology (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.165). Marxists studied the differences between the working class and the industrial manufacturers who were all part of Capitalism, and believed your cla ss determined your political views (Branston and Stafford 2006,pp.175-176). Marxists also believed that people in charge of production were able to distribute the dominant ideas into a society. Therefore the working class could be led to believe that mistreatment was expected and normal through dominant ideas and power relationships in the media (Branston and Stafford 2006,p.176). Ideology and hegemony can affect how people are represented in the media. In the past there were striking differences between men and women. In recent times this has become less so, though still exists. This brings about the question as to whether or not the representation of gender in the media has changed over time due to the ideologies of eras changing as well. Sreberny and Van Zoonen defined gender as a contested and relatively unstable discourse (2000,p.13), showing how representations of gender are frequently changing in the media. The representations of James Bond throughout the Bond films have been quite similar: as a quick witted, physically strong man who is attractive and is able to use his charms to seduce many different women. Croteau and Hoynes believed that men would less likely be shown in the household, as this is usually the womans place. Instead, they would more likely be shown in highly regarded jobs (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.149). Bond films highlight this as Bond works as a secret agent for MI6 which shows his intelligence and authority in the workplace. In Quantum of Solace, Bond still contains many of his conventional characteristics , for example, his physical strength. It is suggested that men are represented as being more dominant than women, whilst also shown as being involved in much more violence (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.149). This can be seen in Quantum of Solace as Bond is involved in many fight scenes, such as, when he attacks the bodyguards in the hotel lift. However, the representation of Bond develops in this film as we see a vulnerable side to Bond that isnt present in the other Bond films. Many other men in Quantum of Solace are represented as powerful, for example, Dominic Greene owns his own company. Greene is portrayed as greedy and manipulative as he is storing water in order to sell it for extortionate prices. Mr White is another enemy who is portrayed as important and secretive as he is part of a top secret organisation, Quantum. These portrayals of men are stereotypical as they depict them as intelligent, pow erful and authoritative. There hasnt been much change in the representations of males in the Bond films, other than in the latest two films, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace we have seen a more realistic portrayal of men. Bond is shown to have fallen in love with the character Vesper and when she dies he is shown as emotional as he wants revenge. This vulnerable side to Bond is representative of men today, as strong men can still have sensitive sides. This shows how the ideologies of the past may be changing. Bonds enemies have always been represented as powerful masterminds and so have not changed much since the films began. In comparison the representation of women in the Bond films has changed much more significantly over the years. This development of the Bond girls may have been instigated by the growth of Feminism. Feminism believed that men treated women as less superior to themselves (Casey et al. 2008, p.121). By the 1970s one of the main issues feminists believed was that many of the representations of women in the media were negative and based on stereotypes whilst also lacking in variety (Casey et al. 2008,p.122). The first Bond film, Dr No, made in 1962, supports this argument with the Bond girl, Honey Ryder. She played the damsel in distress saved by Bond and came across as very naive. She was easily seduced by Bond showing she was submissive and he was in power. In 1975, Laura Mulvey came up with the theory of the male gaze in which texts include women that are sexualised in order for them to appeal to men (Casey et al. 2008,p.122). Honey Ryder appealed to the male gaze as she appeared in s kimpy clothes several times, including the iconic scene of her in her swimming costume. This iconic scene also relates to the fact Hole and Levine (1971:249) argued that feminists believed that some women in the media were trying to make men purchase products by becoming sex objects (Van Zoonen 1994,p.66). Due to the ideologies of this era men were seen as more dominant and in control. This meant that women frequently appeared in films, but often only in secondary, minor roles (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.147). This was no different for Honey Ryder, as the main protagonists of Dr No were Bond and his enemy Dr No and she played more of a minor role. By 2002, when Die another Day was released the representation of the Bond girls had evolved. Die another Days Jinx was every bit Bonds equal being one step ahead of him for the majority of the time. She was physically strong and killed several people which represented her as mentally strong. This shows how Feminism may have begun to have an impact on media as it shows a female who is almost equal to the main male protagonist, which would have been very unusual in films before this point. However, she was easily seduced by Bond showing she hadnt become superior to Bond as he still had a certain control over her. Over time film production has developed and with it female stereotypes were questioned, leading to an increase in variety of characters for women in film (Casey et al. 2008,p.124). This can be seen in Quantum of Solace as there are two Bond girls, Miss Fields, who is a conventional Bond girl and Camille who is more of a realistic representation of women today. Miss Fields is quick witted as she helps Bond on numerous occasions. Still, she is represented as vulnerable as she is easily seduced by Bond within a short time and she is killed by Bonds enemies. However, Miss Fields is quite a realistic representation of women today as she works for MI6 which highlights how more women have jobs in highly respected work places now, than in the past. Camille is different to the other Bond girls. For instance, she is attractive but not perfect as she has burn scars on her back. She is also the first ever Bond girl to walk away from Bond without being seduced into bed by him. This suggests that womens roles in film may be becoming more realistic as the majority of women arent perfect and many have the self control to reject mens charms. However, Camille still possesses some of the Bond girl conventions as she needed saving by Bond in the fire. Both Bond girls in this film are very attractive and Liesbet van Zoonen argued that Hollywood cinema has a long standing tradition of constructing women as a spectacle for voyeuristic pleasure (Van Zoonen 1994,p.87).This suggests that even though some ideologies have changed over time others havent and even though Camille has the imperfection of burns on her back she is still a very attractive lady and thus still appeals to the male gaze and the voyeuristic pleasure of men. Another interesting representation of women in Quantum of Solace is that of M. M is represented as a strong female who is very authoritative as she is Bonds boss. She is intelligent as she works for MI6 and so is a powerful lady. However, she is also vulnerable as she is betrayed by one of her bodyguards. The growth of Feminism in the twenty-first century has gained so much for the representation of females in the media. That now even some women believe it isnt essential as the representations have gained in variety and accuracy (Casey et al.2008, p.125). An important issue to note about M is the fact that for the first eleven Bond films M was in fact a man, until it changed to a woman, played by Dame Judi Dench. This choice may have been made to follow the ideologies of the time as women were becoming more involved and important in society and even in the workplace and so by this point it wasnt unusual to have women in highly valued workplaces. Croteau and Hoynes argued that Feminis m and people who fought for womens rights put strain on the media. Therefore, making the media create more varied representations and roles of women in the media, whilst eradicating many of the negative stereotypes of women (1997 p.147). Overall, ideology and hegemony are present in all the Bond films through the representation of gender. The portrayal of gender roles allows us to observe how the ideologies have changed over time. It is most likely that certain ideologies have been influenced by movements such as Feminism, for example due to the strain feminist groups put on the media, the roles and representations of women have become more diverse and a more accurate representation of women in society. The ideologies of gender in the Bond films have changed with the times. This is noticeable with characters such as M, at one point in time women wouldnt have been associated with high earning jobs in the MI6. It is also shown with Bond as he becomes more vulnerable in Quantum of Solace, which is a more accurate representation of men in todays society as they can be sensitive as well as strong. In the future Bond films, the representations of gender may continue to change to fit the ideologies of gender in society at t hat time. Word count: 2000

Career Demand, Salary, and Education

Manufacturing companies employ a lot of mechanical engineers, but due to the slowdowns economically fewer jobs have shown up in this field. The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects â€Å"slower-than-average job growth between 2006 and 2016. † The mechanical engineering jobs have the most flexible setting since it can deal with just about anything. But you want to be in a place with a lot of manufacturing job opportunities.Entry-level mechanical engineers with a bachelor's degrees earned average annual starting salaries of $58,600. In 2012 women earned more in there entry level jobs, but as men with 4 years of experience make $64,880, when women make $63,732. So as this show with more years of experience go on men made more money than women. 80. 2 percent of made as much as the average woman made in 2012 $76,984. Also in addition to experience come promotion and with promotion come a greater salary.Education Some universities that offer the programs are Florida State and Marquett e. Some advantages of going to these schools are that they have sport teams and they have very little English requirements, and they have great reputations. Disadvantages of going to the schools is that they are large schools and does not give much help if you are in need of it, also they are both very expensive over 30 thousand a year.At Florida State over 60% of your courses you take are related to engineering ranging from thermodynamics and thermo fluids to learning the basics of engineering. You also are suggested to take physics along with calculus III. Marquette university is about the same thing they want you to take 70% engineer related course but with the courses they want you to take is a range of materials how stuff works type of engineering. They also want you to take a philosophy course and a lot more electives. Career Demand, Salary, and Education Career Demand, Salary, and EducationDemandManufacturing companies employ a lot of mechanical engineers, but due to the slowdowns economically fewer jobs have shown up in this field. The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects â€Å"slower-than-average job growth between 2006 and 2016.† The mechanical engineering jobs have the most flexible setting since it can deal with just about anything. But you want to be in a place with a lot of manufacturing job opportunities. SalaryEntry-level mechanical engineers with a bachelor's degrees earned average annual starting salaries of $58,600. In 2012 women earned more in there entry level jobs, but as men with 4 years of experience make $64,880, when women make $63,732. So as this show with more years of experience go on men made more money than women. 80.2 percent of made as much as the average woman made in 2012 $76,984. Also in addition to experience come promotion and with promotion come a greater salary.EducationSome universities that off er the programs are Florida State and Marquette. Some advantages of going to these schools are that they have sport teams and they have very little English requirements, and they have great reputations. Disadvantages of going to the schools is that they are large schools and does not give much help if you are in need of it, also they are both very expensive over 30 thousand a year.At Florida State over 60% of your courses you take are related to engineering ranging from thermodynamics and thermo fluids to learning the basics of engineering. You also are suggested to take physics along with calculus III. Marquette university is about the same thing they want you to take 70% engineer related course but with the courses they want you to take is a range of materials how stuff works type of engineering. They also want you to take a philosophy course and a lot more electives.

Young Goodman Brown - 1144 Words

In this extract from â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism, imagery and point of view to depict Goodman Brown’s eventual journey from naivety in man’s purity of faith to recognition of man’s disposition to evil. It reveals Brown’s misplaced faith in man, who is deficient, instead of God. In the dialogue that ensues between the minister and Deacon Gookin, we learn of an impending meeting expecting participants hailing from â€Å"Falmouth and beyond... Indian powows† (Hawthorne 26). The geographical listing hints at the far-reaching influence of the devil. By including the Indians, Hawthorne subtly contrasts the inclusiveness of this heathen community versus the exclusivity of the Puritan community. This perhaps also†¦show more content†¦The imagery of â€Å"stars brightening† above when doubts and confusion begins to overcome Brown symbolises hope (Khoo 16) in the midst of doom and gloom. This hope lea ds Brown to make a penultimate declaration of resistance, clinging on to Faith, his wife, who represents a tangible symbol of his faith as his strength of this resolve. Once again, we see his misplaced faith in a being instead of the Divine. This perhaps is a foretelling of the imminent lose of Brown’s faith since Faith, being human is deficient. This symbolic spark of hope is overshadowed almost immediately by a â€Å"black mass of cloud† (26). The alliteration in â€Å"hurried across.....hid the brightening star† and â€Å"sweeping swiftly† both emphasise the quick movements of the cloud to cast a shadow over the clear sky. Apart from signifying the omnipresence of evil and its great influence over mankind, it also foreshadows another episode of looming devastation to Brown’s weakened faith. Later on in the extract, Brown hears again, sound of voices of familiar townsfolk blending in with the â€Å"murmur of the forest† as if attesting to the embodiment of both the devil and his followers. Hawthorne skilfully weaves in the aural imagery of a cacophony of sounds juxtaposed against a single utterance of a young woman to create a sense of the internal spiritual chaos welling up withinShow MoreRelated Young Goodman Brown Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pages The main theme of the Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, â€Å" Young Goodman Brown,† is the struggle between Goodman Brown’s faith, power to resist his own evil impulses and his own doubts within him. It is a story of Young Goodman Brown’s personal conflict over his inner desires and its greater meaning conflict between good and evil in the world. The characteristics of Young Goodman Brown are similar to the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne had his own doubts about his own Puritan life and beliefsRead MoreEssay on Young Goodman Brown769 Words   |  4 Pagesmain focus of the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne is the triumph of evil over good. A supposedly good man is tempted by evil and allows himself to be converted into a man of evil. This is much like the situation that arises in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, where two people are tempted to sin and give in thus submitting themselves to the power of the devil. In this novel, the area where the devil resides is strictly parallel to that in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;AsRead Moreyoung goodman brown Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe benefit of the afflicted†(5-6) and Young Goodman Brown, a fictional character created by Nathaniel Hawthorne, was written because a few male puritans wanted to publish a story to open up societies eyes and live in a more patriarchal society. Regardless of being a fictional character or a nonfiction, we get presented evidence in which both individuals experience problems that at the time the puritan society could relate too. While both Young Goodman Brown and Mary Rowlandson enter the forestRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown and the Lottery640 Words   |  3 PagesYoung Goodman Brown and the Lottery Symbolism Use In: Young Goodman Brown and The Lottery The authors, Shirley Jackson and Nathaniel Hawthorne, both frequently use symbols within their stories The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown. Symbols are utilized as an enhancement tool to stress the theme of each story. Hawthorne uses names and objects to enhance the theme, and Jackson mainly utilizes names to stress the theme, although she does have one object as a symbol of great importance to the themeRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown Analysis876 Words   |  4 PagesHawthorne’s story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† appears to be a story about original sin with a lot of symbolism tied in to make it an allegory. An allegory is a story that can be interpreted in different ways to find the hidden meaning behind the symbolism in the story. The three thing s focused on throughout the short story is Faith, the forest that Goodman Brown takes his journey through, and the staff, which the old man who leads Goodman Brown on his way carries. The short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† uses severalRead MoreSummary Of Young Goodman Brown 1278 Words   |  6 PagesCharles F. Harris Kevin R. Martin ENG 102 T April 16, 2015 Young Goodman Brown Most people think that the majority of people walking the face of the earth are morally good with a few bad apples here and there. In the short story Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses setting, characters, and plot to show how everyone can be drawn out of their usual character when they are governed by their evil desires. In this story, Hawthorne uses setting to show how people that commit evil will try andRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesYoung Goodman Brown: Good versus Evil Throughout Young Goodman Brown and other works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, the themes of sin and guilt constantly reoccur. Like many authors, Hawthorne used events in his life as a basis for the stories that he wrote. Hawthorne felt that ones guilt does not die with him/her but is rather passed down through the generations. Hawthornes great-great uncle was one of the judges during the Salem witchcraft trials. Hawthorne felt a great sense of guilt because ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Young Goodman Brown 1285 Words   |  6 PagesPerceiÃŽ ½ed through the archetypal lens, the short story, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne asserts the uniÃŽ ½ersal idea that eÃŽ ½il lurks within eÃŽ ½ery man. Taken as a whole, the work conÃŽ ½eys that humanity can easily fall ÃŽ ½ictim to innate selfish instincts as well as society’s damaging influences. The main character, Young Goodman Brown, treks on a journey that challenges him to uphold his innocence and his belief in a decent mankind as h e discoÃŽ ½ers corruption in people. The allegory—a storyRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesYoung Goodman Brown Goodman Browns actions in the story, Young Goodman Brown, are a key element to this storys theme. The author uses Goodman Browns movement in and out of the forest, as a method of symbolizing the theme of a symbolic journey into the depths of consciousness. As the hours of the night pass, Goodman Brown travels farther into the forest, and deeper into the depths of consciousness. This theme is present in many passages of the text. The story begins with the line, YoungRead More Young Goodman Brown Essay441 Words   |  2 Pages Young Goodman Brownquot; tells the tale of a young Puritan man drawn into a covenant with the Devil. Browns illusions about the goodness of his society are crushed when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife, are attending a Black Mass. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Browns experience was nightmare or reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones and

Throughout History, Poetry Has Evolved To Fit The Needs

Throughout history, poetry has evolved to fit the needs of the poet. Typically, scholars categorize writings in time periods that often reflect similar ideals between writers. The Age of the Romantics, can be viewed as a literary movement in which writers appear to have a similar driving force behind writing. Two important authors during this Age of the Romantics are William Wordsworth and William Blake. Although both Blake and Wordsworth are considered to be writers from the Romantic literary period, they have contrasting beliefs on what it means to be a poet and the poets function in society. For starters, Blake argues that people must not be limited to their senses. One of Blake s chief arguments is that humanity is hindered when they†¦show more content†¦He believes that people fail to use the imagination and then fail to transcend what their senses can tell them is real. He explains in There Is No Natural Religion that, He who sees the Infinite in all things sees God. H e who sees the Ratio only sees himself only (117). Blake truly believed that humanity needs to see more than just science and things that can be proven, he really believed in the power of imagination. To Blake, he saw imagination as a portal to messages from a higher power-- namely God. By contrast, Wordsworth takes a completely different approach to poetry where he relief heavily on his senses. Wordsworth relied on his senses to produce images that he could then use to produce his poetry. Wordsworth describes, I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility (303). He continues, Now, if nature be thus cautious in preserving in a state of enjoyment a being thus employed, the poet ought to profit by the lesson thus held forth to him (303). These lines indicate the chief mission Wordsworth find himself on when writing poetry. Thus, because nature can produce such feelings in the poet, the poet must therefore rely heavily on what he sees. In order for him to have powerful feelings to recollect on he must first have a visual aid to send him into this spontaneous overflow. This is one of the core differences between Blake andShow MoreRelatedMajor Movements Of Poetry : Poetry, Comedy, Ode And Lyric Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pages Major Movements in poetry Throughout history, poetry has evolved and changed according to the message that poets are interested in conveying to their audiences. From the oral tradition of storytelling to the politically influenced poetry designed as medium for change, poetry has made a notable impact through the ages on societies and communities. Learning about the different movements in poetry can help you appreciate the differences in time periods and give you insight into how different eventsRead MoreAssessment Of Mental Health Counseling838 Words   |  4 Pageswe try as we might to â€Å"fit† these pieces into our own individual and unique puzzle. As this time progresses, we sometimes find that some of the pieces will â€Å"fit,† but we also find at times that no matter how hard we try, some pieces never â€Å"fit,†, even when we try to force them in place. In fact, some people say that when we try to force these pieces into the puzzle, it can result in a challenge(s) that can las t a very long time unless we seek someone who can help us fit these pieces into the puzzleRead MoreAssessment Of Mental Health Counseling1268 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal puzzle that throughout the rest of our lives we attempt to â€Å"fit† into our individual and unique puzzle. As time progresses, we seem to find that some of the pieces may â€Å"fit† very well into place, but we also find that some of the pieces are hard to â€Å"fit† into place, even when we try to force the piece in its place. In fact, some may say that when we try to force pieces into our personal puzzle, it can result in lifelong challenges unless we seek someone who can help us fit them into the rightRead More Adrienne Rich Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pages The Poetry of Adrienne Rich nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adrienne Rich was born in Baltimore, Maryland in the year of 1929. Rich grew up in a household as she describes it as † †¦white, middle-class, full of books, and with a father who encouraged her to write† (Daniel). Her father Arnold Rich was a doctor and a pathology professor and her mother, Helen Jones Rich , was a pianist and a composer. â€Å"Adrienne Rich recalls her growing-up years clearly dominated by the intellectual presence and demandsRead MoreAmerican History And Its Impact On American Society1383 Words   |  6 Pagesthese standards and in the freedoms that this democratic nation has established. The 20th century will always be remembered in American history as a century of radical changes on the social and political fronts of the nation. Literature, too, evolved quickly from specific, compartmentalized fields which fit into categories, to works which had no set definition—nobody knew what to do with them. These changes also took place in poetry; artistic expression began to change across the arts and so didRead MoreFeminism in Adrienne Richs Poetry Essay2828 Words   |  12 PagesAdrienne Richs poetry serves a prophetic function by articulating the history and ideals of the feminist struggle. By recalling the ancient chthonic mysteries of blood and birth, by reconnecting daughters with their mothers, by drawing parallels between women today and their historical counterparts, and by envisioning the women of the future who will emerge from the feminist struggle, her poetry celebrates womens strength and possibilities. Elaborating her vision, Rich brings a nurturing ethosRead MoreAkilathirattu Ammanai3350 Words   |  14 PagesSouth Indian Dharmic belief system ‘Ayyavazhi’. The title is often abbreviated to Akilam or Akilathirattu. Akilam contains more than 15000 verses. It remains as one of the greatest longest literary work ever composed by a single author in Tamil. History Akilam was written down by Hari Gopalan Seedar, one of the five disciples of Vaikundar, at his residence in Thamarai Kulam village, at the present Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu. The opening foot of the Kappu was commenced to Hari Gopalan SeedarRead MoreHistory of Physical Education2545 Words   |  11 Pagesthis assignment is to outline the history of physical education since time immemorial. The text begins with the beginning of the humankind engaging in physical activities, showing the history of physical education and sport being a rich tapestry of people, places, events and social forces from early civilization to the present time through transitional periods. INTRODUCTION The ground of education as a whole is going through remarkable challenges to serve the needs of the individual and the societyRead More Love Over the Centuries in Writing Essay2318 Words   |  10 PagesCenturies in Writing Compare the different ways and forms in which poets have written about love over the centuries? Love is a universal theme throughout literature from past to modern day. Love has evolved over the centuries, in the way people feel it and show it and so has the way poets have written about love. Over centuries history has changed the values of love and what it is from the French Revolution to the First World War. Always love is an important theme in society thereforeRead MoreJazz Music : A Black Art2297 Words   |  10 PagesChatterjee Ms. Kuryllo AP English 12 Jazz Music: A Black Art in American Literature In America, the 1920s was an extremely critical time, especially for the African-Americans of the time. The Harlem Renaissance was booming. Citizens were bringing all poetry, art, and music to the next level in the roaring 20s. They call this the â€Å"Jazz Age† for a reason. Jazz music started to appear in dance venues and clubs. One such club was the famous Cotton Club. People were either enamored by it, or appalled by it

European Nations And The Colonization Of Africa - 1492 Words

As we know so far, Africa has a long history of being faced with Conquest, Colonization, and Military Invasions from Europe since the early 1970’s and up to the 1900’s. Many were standing against the idea of being captured or colonized by these Europeans leaders and countries. The only two countries that have not been touched or colonized by Europe is Ethiopia and Liberia, unfortunately (Fortunately). Most of the Africa’s countries has been touched by European conquerors. There are three main factors why European nations have decided to go into Africa. The first is the political factor, the second one is the economic factor, and of course the social factor. After the days when there were slave trades and all those horrific events, today European countries are looking forward for raw materials for profitable markets. There were seven main countries that were fighting among each other for the conquest of Africa. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain. The social factor was one of the top three reasons of colonization because when the industrialization came to Europe, people were not ready. This led to a high unemployment level, homelessness. The solution that came into mind was to create new colonies and export the population to these new areas. This is a reason that led to the colonization of Africa. This was one prospective of the European Colonization on Africa, but there is also a second side to it, that shows that the colonizatio n process of theShow MoreRelatedImperialism Dbq Ap European History846 Words   |  4 Pages1880 to 1914, European powers went after overseas empires in Africa. The governments and political leaders of the European powers believed that this colonization of the African empires was necessary to maintain their global influence. A second group of people supposed that African colonization was the result of the greedy Capitalists who \only cared for new resources and markets. The third group of people claimed it to be their job to enlighten and educate the uncivilized people of Africa. Although theRead MoreThe European Nations Used The Term `` Civilizing Mission `` By Joseph Conrad1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe European nations used the term â€Å"civilizing mission† to convince people to support the exploration of the unknown parts of the African continent. Europeans believed that Africans were uncivilized, lacked Enlightenment, and needed European progress. In the eyes of the pe ople, this colonization was supposed to moralize the indigenous people into their idea of civilization, but this was not the case. In the late nineteenth century, Europe’s â€Å"civilizing mission† was never civilized because the focusRead MoreEffects Of Colonialism On Native Peoples1072 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Colonialism on Native Peoples Colonialism has had major effects on different countries throughout the years. Europeans were a major cause of these horrid events. Colonization will cause a country to lose the culture they have developed and will strip the natives of their souls. As you read through this paper, you will discover the true horror of what colonialism is and how it strips the souls of the people in it. Stripping the Souls of the Natives It is known that invading a countryRead MoreEssay on The Scramble for Africa1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scramble for Africa is one of the best examples of colonization in world history. Europe alone managed to colonize the entire African continent in a period of roughly twenty five years, spanning from 1875 to 1900. The quest for power by European nations was only one of the driving forces for this race for colonization. The geographical location and the natural resources to be exploited in certain regions of the continent were important factors in the race for land. Another factor that contributedRead MoreThe Impact Of Slavery On Africa Socially, Economically, And Politically For Over 300 Years.969 Words   |  4 Pages2. Slavery impacted Africa socially, economically, and politically for over 300 years. Slavery had a major social impact on Africa, due to the fact that the vast numbers involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade led to a color association. Africa already had an existing slave trade system in place. Women were incredibly degraded and devalued for the reason that numerous of were captured and sold into slavery. Polygamy became the norm because many African societies lacked African males because theyRead MoreEuropean Colonialism: Civilizations Ruined1491 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Colonialism has been around since the late 15th century and their model for colonialism will exist for many years to come. Colonization could be considered to start as far back as the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. However, this colonization model was not near as deadly as the European model (Louis). The ancient civilizations educated, advanced, and motivated their colonies to succeed. The European model falls far short of the standard set in past years. This model forRead MoreColonialism in Africa911 Words   |  4 PagesLadonya Gatling World Civilizations II Mr. Mitchell 10:00-10:50 (MWF) Colonialism in Africa Neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of accumulation nor acquisition†¦ Out of imperialism, notions about culture were classified, reinforced, criticized or rejected† (BBC World Service). The nineteenth century saw massive changes in Africa. Some were driven by famine and disease (BBC World Service). Some changes were the result of the territorial ambitions of African rulers. As the centuryRead More Why are Military Takeovers so Frequent in Postcolonial African Politics?1038 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical unrest. Much of that political unrest is blamed on the extended period of European colonization that the continent was forced to endure. Because of ethnic differences, natural resources, and ineffective governments, Africa has been subject to many military takeovers in the postcolonial period. Military takeovers are not unique to Africa. Like of many similar countries, the developing countries in Africa are naturally more susceptible to coup d’à ©tats than their developed counterparts. TheRead MoreThe Age of Imperialism Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped nations colonized less developed nations. The developed nations took advantage of the less developed nations resources, people, lands, and much more. Many countries lost their freedom and independence due to imperialism, however, they also received new technologies and innovations. Since there were many nations involved, there were many attributes that led up to imperialism. Firstly, the Europeans wanted economic expansion. Since the industrial revolution had taken place, the Europeans wereRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Africa1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe European colonization of Africa, also known as the Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa, or Conquest of Africa, occurred between the 1870s and 1900s, and was the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during a period of New Imperialism. European control of the continent increased from 10 percent (1870) to 90 percent (1914), with only three territories, Saguia el-Hamra, which was later integrated into Spanish Sahara, Ethiopia and Liberia

Aging in the elderly Free Essays

There is what people call as the art of getting old. This has probably an element of truth because getting old makes many people seriously inferior, insecure and irritable. To grow old takes wisdom; meaning the aging physical aspects are there but to be gracious about it may help us view our mortality, accept all with humility that limitations are inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging in the elderly or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many who were once strong and athletic, the reality of losing one’s vigor would seem unacceptable. It’s hard to swallow the negative realism of aging. The simple chores that once were indeed â€Å"simple† have now become impossible tasks to some individuals who were once upon a time, mighty competitors in some events in sports. Running may not be advisable anymore. Walking, the most common movement to a normal functioning individual is difficult when arthritis has already crept into his joints (Smith et al, 1997 in http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004023.htm). Physical changes are natural occurrences of wear and tear and are included in the order of things since time immemorial (Smith, Suzanna et al in Rantanen et al, 1997). This is one of nature’s physical laws that no matter how many technological breakthroughs have been discovered and come to the forefront of human existence, up till now, the best of these man-made intelligent inventions are not able to arrest these signs of deterioration. A senior citizen has to deal with problems such as high blood pressure, the cumulative effects of fatty deposits or cholesterol build up, some parts of the body that almost do not work anymore, and those parts that work may incur pain and a degree of discomfort (Seek wellness, 2000). Physical activity as mentioned, have some benefits to slow down degenerative disorders but are not designed to reverse the course of aging. What is more tragic at times is, whenever people realize that the symptoms of aging are already there, it’s too late for them. They are now coping with regrets for earlier times and opportunities that had passed; these were opportunities supposed to avert and prevent the speedy physical breakdown and enjoy more quality of life in their later years. Aging people have diminished enjoyments in their twilight years because they are subjected to abuse, mistreatment and exploitations simply because they are appraised as frail and inept by the majority. The increasing isolation they are experiencing even from their own children who, oftentimes, relegate them to homes or institutions do not help diminish the perception of their capabilities (Seek wellness, 2000). Regular exercise does help. Because of the many physical changes that occur in aging, a lot of adjustments as well are in order so that the body is better able to cope with these changes. Two major parts of a person’s physique are affected in the aging process; namely, the muscles and bones. Joints and bones’ structure become rigid with age. This causes a decrease in height, a bent posture, and hence, pronounced limitations in movements. The prospect of these changes, however, need not hinder nor discourage a person to establish or maintain a regular regimen. Though it may now hurt to move and stretch one’s joints, to yield to inactivity will all the more result to deterioration and more agony (Smith, in http://nihseniorhealth.gov/exercise/benefitsofexercise/03.html, 2007). Because the tendency of less and less movement goes with aging, and because calcium (a necessary mineral for the bone) is not absorbed into the bones generously as when younger, the resulting consequence is the brittling of the bones, a common cause of skeletal or bone fracture among the elderly. When ligaments connecting bones lose flexibility, it causes pain and discomfort. Older people as compared to younger ones need more cushioned shoes as the fat between the bones of the foot is becoming thinner (______Aging: physical changes). For many of the older or aging individuals the issue about mental health is not affecting them to a significant degree. Problems that commonly beset younger generations such as alcoholism, depression and other illnesses may not necessarily afflict them and in many cases may even be reversed, for instance, dementia, as long as timely treatment is afforded to the patient. Only Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and multi-infarct dementia are cases where the patient’s condition is no longer reversible (Papalia et al, 2002). Conclusion Researchers have provided us with much information on how to help and what kind of services are most likely will yield more positive results where the aging issues are concerned. Gleaning from those available informations, here are some helpful suggestions: Outreach Education (Redwood, 2003). This approach is effective. Most of the elderly are just waiting to be helped. Some of them just do not know how to avail with the resources that the government has made available for them. The least that we can do is to assist them with the help of some social workers or personal outreach just to engage them in the options that are available to them such self-maintenance, exercise regimen, diet, healthy outlook towards their aging years, and treatment or case management services (Baker et al,2000). A regular show of care to establish personal relationship in order to encourage them such as what was suggested by Ms. Banks on reading to the elderly (Griffith, 2000) or to receive preventive and treatment and or intervention options (Telford and Rogers, 2003) as well as catering with their various needs are aspects of educating the elderly. Reference: Baker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Sudano, J. and Patterson, M. 2000. The association between age and health literacy among elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B : Psychological sciences and social sciences 55B (6), S368. Retrieved on August 3, 2007, from Proquest. Griffith, R. W. 2000. Reading to the elderly. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=755. Redwood, Heinz. 2003. Patients Health and Education: How Strong Is the Link? Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=2189. Seek Wellness, 2000. Fitness facts for older Americans. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.seekwellness.com/fitness/fitness_facts.htm. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. (1997-2005). Aging gracefully–physical activity. Retrieved July 24, 2008. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Fall Hazard Checklist (1987). Clinical Report on Aging,   Ã‚  Ã‚   1, 5. from Physical Changes of Aging National Institute on Aging   Ã‚  Ã‚   (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Rantanen, T., Era, P. Heikkinen, E. (1997). Physical   activity and the changes in maximal isometric strength in men and women from the age of 75 to 80 years. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 1534-1535. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in National Institute on Aging (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm ______Aging: physical changes. University of Iowa, Hospital and Clinics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accessed in http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/aging/agin4120.html July 24, 2008 Telford, R. and Rogers, A. (2003). What influences elderly peoples decisions about whether to accept the influenza vaccination? A qualitative study. Health Education Research 18 (6), 743. Accessed on July 24, 2008, from Proquest. _____Aging : Outlline, Accessed July 24, 2008 in http://www.baptistonline.org/health/library/agin4120.asp How to cite Aging in the elderly, Papers

Unfair Contract Terms in Malaysia-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: With reference to the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 and case laws, critically discuss the law on capacity to enter into contracts and give your brief opinion on the fairness of such laws in Malaysia. Answer: Introduction Contract law is the branch of law that deals with the legalities concerned with the enforcement and execution of contracts. A contract is an agreement signed between two parties that is enforceable by competent court of law. All contracts are agreements but not every agreement is a contract (Andrews 2015). The literal meaning of the capacity to contract implies the competency to enter into contract as established by the legal provisions concerned. As imbibed from Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950, a person is competent to enter into a contract on the basis of having a sound mind and should have attained the age of majority during the time the contract in question is being enforced or executed. The Age of Majority Act of 1971 states that a person in Malaysia below the age of eighteen years is a minor. Section 12 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 prescribes that a person not having a fitness of mind cannot make a contract. Minors into contract Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 envisages that a person who is a minor cannot enter into a contract that is enforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction. With reference to the provisions envisaged in Section 2 of the Age of Majority Act of 1971, any person below the age of eighteen years is considered a minor. Sub-section 2 of Section 3 of the Age of Majority Act of 1971 further states that the date of attainment of majority is determined as per the eighteenth birth anniversary of the respective person (Furmston and Philip 2017). In order to lend money to a minor, the welfare of the minor is to be determined (Graw 2012). Such kind of welfare may include creating a trust with an objective to entitle the minor, hereditary rights for the minor with reference to property ownership and possession as per the law. Additionally, making an investment plan in the name of the minor for future benefits and fulfilling any kind of necessity of minor through monetary funding s uch as education is also a kind of a welfare for a minor(Mousavi et al. 2013). The provisions relating to the welfare of minor are envisaged in Section 69 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 that state that another person with reference to the enforcement of the contract represents a person who is incompetent to enter into a contract. However, such terms and conditions in the contract should be intended to fulfill the necessities of the incompetent person concerned (Kuak,Ying and Tay 2012). In the case of Mohori Bibee versus Dharmodas Ghose, the Privy Council held that a minor could not be compelled to return money that is lent as a loan and the mortgage was not valid since a minor is not in the capacity to enter into a contract. In the case Government of Malaysia versus Gurcharan Singh and Others, it was held that any contract where a minor enters upon is a void contract. If a minor misrepresents age while making a contract, such contract is not valid since a minor is not a comp etent person as far as making a contract is concerned with reference to Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950. In Malaysia, the age of marriage is twenty-one years. However, people at the age of eighteen years are eligible for marriage subject to parental consent. Muslim girls in Malaysia can marry at the age of sixteen years on obtaining approval from the concerned sharia authority (Zainudin et al. 2013). Majors into contract In addition to being major by attaining the age of eighteen years with reference to the provisions envisaged in Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 and Section 2 of the Age of Majority Act of 1971, soundness of mind is also essential in order to be competent to enter into contract (Poole 2016). Such provision for soundness of mind is envisaged in Section 11 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950. Section 12 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that a person of unfit mind is not competent to enter into contract due to the possible misjudgments to be made with reference to the rationale behind the said contract (Turner 2013). The essentials of a valid contract include offer and acceptance, consent which is obtained freely, consideration and a purpose to create relations that are legally binding to the parties to the contract. Clause (a) of Section 2 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that obtaining an approval of a person (known as promisee) by anoth er person (known as promisor) for willingness to perform the act in question is known as offer. Clause (b) of Section 2 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that sanction of the offer by the promisee is known as acceptance. Clause (b) of Section 2 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that a consideration in a contract is something that is done by a promisee at the discretion of the promisor for a specific purpose. Section 13 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that if two or more people being signatories to a contract conclude over the same thing, they are deemed to be consenting with reference to the terms and conditions enshrined in the said contract. Section 13 of the Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950 implies that a consent that is not approved by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake is said to be a free consent. Objective to create legal relations between the parties would be deemed as fit when presumed so by a court of comp etent jurisdiction established by law. In the case of Carlill versus Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, the Court of Appeal at England and Wales held that an advertisement in a newspaper with reference to compensation is a unilateral proposal that could be accepted by any relational human being who is a regular reader of the said newspaper. Limited corporations into contracts A pre-incorporation contract is a type of contract that is made by a corporation or a representative of the corporation before the incorporation of such a corporation. In Malaysia, a pre-incorporation contract is not valid as per law (Amin 2013). However, such kind of contract can per ratified as per Sub-Section 1 of Section 35 of the Companies Act of 1965. In order to for a pre-incorporation contract with reference to the formation of a company, there should be a promoter who would take all the necessary actions that are required for the formation such a company or a corporation (Jayabalan 2017). In the case of Twycross versus Grant and Others, the Court of Appeal at England and Wales held that a promoter is a person who makes decisions with reference to formation of companies and corporations as per the allotted project with an objective to fulfill it. In the case of Tengku Abdullah ibni Sultan Abu Bakr versus Mohammed Latiff bin Shah Mohammed, it was held that a promoter is a person who embarks upon a project for the benefit of others and not solely for self-benefit. In the case of Erlanger versus New Sombero Phosphate Company, it was held by the House of Lords that a promoter of a company or a corporation must act in good faith with reference to the formation and functioning of the corporation or company concerned. This implies that a promoter is in a fiduciary relationship with the corporation or company in question. In the case of Bristol and West building Society versus Mothew, the Court of Appeal at England and Wales held that a fiduciary relationship is build with ref erence to trust and confidence (McKendrick 2014). Sub-section 1 of Section 4 of the Companies Act of a 1965 implies that a limited corporation is a company that is restricted by shares or guarantees or both. Since a pre-incorporation contract is not valid as per the law of Malaysia, a limited corporation can only make a contract when it is incorporated as per the provisions relating to the incorporation of a company as enshrined in Sections 14 to 18 of the Companies Act of 1965. Sub-Section 1 of Section 35 of the Companies Act of 1965 implies that a corporation or a person as a representative of a corporation making a contract before the formation of the company, such a contract may be ratified by the company upon the formation of the company (Yousoff et al. 2012). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discourse, it can be concluded by stating that the legalities involved with reference to capacity to contract in case of minors, majors and limited corporations in Malayasia. The above discourse also deduces the provisions relating to capacity to enter into contract by a minor, major and a limited corporation. Such kinds of provisions are envisaged in legislations such as The Malaysian Contracts Act of 1950, the Age of Majority Act of 1971 and the Companies Act of 1965. Additionally, case laws with reference to the competency of a person to enter into a contract in case of minors, majors and limited corporations have also been analyzed. Furthermore, the above discourse implies that a minor or a person of an unfit mind cannot enter into a contract that is enforceable by law failing which such a contract shall be deemed void. References Amin, Naemah. "Protecting consumers against unfair contract terms in Malaysia: the Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act 2010."Malayan Law Journal1 (2013): 1-11. Andrews, Neil.Contract law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Furmston, Michael Philip.Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston's Law of Contract. Oxford university press, 2017. Graw, Stephen.An introduction to the law of contract. Thomson Reuters, 2012. Jayabalan, Sheela. "The Role of The Modern Contract Law in The Purview of Consumer Protection."Jurnal Intelek12, no. 1 (2017). Kuek, Chee Ying, and Eng Siang Tay. "Unilateral conversion of a child's religion and parental rights in Malaysia." (2012). McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. Mousavi, Shohreh, Behnam Rastegari, and Rohaid Nordin. "Improving the Legal Protection of Child in Conflict with the Law: Reintegration and Rehabilitation into society." (2013). Poole, Jill.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Turner, Chris.Contract law. Routledge, 2013. Yusoff, Sakina Shaik Ahmad, Suzanna Mohamed Isa, Azimon Abdul Aziz, and Ong Tze Chin. "Corporate responsibility via Malaysian contract law, a concern for consumer protection."Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities20, no. 1 (2012): 227-38. Zainudin, Tengku Noor Azira Tengku, Anita Abdul Rahim, and Mohamad Afiq Taqiudin Roslan. "Legal Status of a Minor in Giving Consent to Treatment from the Perspective of the Malaysian Child Act 2001."Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies2, no. 9 (2013): 278.